Surface and volume gratings fabricated by holographic lithography and holographic recording. (a) 1D line and (b) 2D quasi-crystalline surface gratings, which are respectively developed by 1D and 2D holographic lithography. (a) and (b) Reproduced with permission [28, 50] Copyright © 1999, American Institute of Physics and Copyright © 2007, WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. (c) 3D volume gratings or photonic crystals (PhCs), developed by 3D holographic lithography. Reproduced with permission [45] Copyright © 2000, Macmillan Magazines Ltd. (d) Cross-sectional and (e) top-view of a transmissive 1D volume grating, developed by holographic recording on photopolymer (i.e. zirconium-based glass). Reproduced with permission [14] Copyright © 2006, WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. (f) A reflective 1D volume grating, developed by holographic recording on photopolymer. Reproduced from [56] Copyright © 2016, Y. Montelongo et al.|@|~(^,^)~|@|3D volume gratings developed by 3D holographic lithography. (a) Macroscopic and (b) and (c) microscopic cross-sectional views of the holographically etched 3D volume gratings [SU8 photoresist (PR)]. Reproduced with permission [60] Copyright © 2023, Wiley-VCH. In particular, these structures are developed by metasurface-based raster and scanning illumination of a single beam. (d) Top, (e) and (f) cross-sectional microscale, and (g) top-macroscale views of the holographically etched 3D volume gratings (SU8 PR, which is structured into a woodpile lattice). Reproduced with permission [64] Copyright © 2019, WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.|@|~(^,^)~|@|Fourier optics for diffractive volume gratings (1D). (a) Fourier synthesis of a binary and sinusoidal grating. Dispersion relation of (b) binary and (c) sinusoidal 1D volume gratings. These results are based on numerical calculations. (d) and (e) The numerically predicted effect of the thickness of volume gratings on a diffraction (top panel): Top is schematic for strengthened and weaken k-vector clouding, for a relative thin and thick volume grating. The experimentally exploited diffractive dispersion as a function of thickness of 1D volume gratings (bottom panel), holographically recorded on photopolymers (bottom left) and photoaddressable polymers (bottom right). All above contents are reproduced with permission [26] Copyright © 2022, Wiley-VCH.|@|~(^,^)~|@|Fourier optics for exploiting the effect of refractive index contrast (dynamic range, ∆n) on the dispersive behavior of diffraction (angular selectivity of diffraction). (a) Achievable diffraction efficiency of 1D volume gratings with varying ∆n and thickness (d). (b) Angular selectivity of diffraction efficiency of 1D volume gratings with varying ∆n and thickness. All above contents are reproduced with permission [26] Copyright © 2022, Wiley-VCH.|@|~(^,^)~|@|A standard desktop projector-assisted scalable recording of 1D optical Fourier volume (i.e. holographically recorded reflective 1D volume gratings). Reproduced from [84] Copyright © 2022, B. H. Miller et al., under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.|@|~(^,^)~|@|Inch-scale diffractive color graphics, encoded by scalable holographic recording. (a)–(g) Representative macroscopic views of holographically recorded reflective 1D volume gratings [84, 85]. (a)–(d) Reproduced with permission [85] Copyright © 2022, American Institute of Physics. (e)–(g) Reproduced from [84] Copyright © 2022, B. H. Miller et al., under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.|@|~(^,^)~|@|Metallic 3D volume gratings templated by holographically etched 3D volume gratings. (a) Microscopic perspective views of the MnO₂ and Mi-Sn 3D structures. Reproduced with permission [101] Copyright © 2015, National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. (b) Templating of 3D porous gold (Au) structures from holographically etched 3D volume gratings. Reproduced from [103] Copyright © 2020, National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.|@|~(^,^)~|@|Representative strategies for scalable holographic lithography. (a) A schematic for raster and scanning holographic lithography with the assistance of a meta-mask. Reproduced with permission [107] Copyright © 2019, S. M. Kamali, et al. (b) A schematic for proximity nanopatterning (PnP) with the assistance of a diffractive phase mask. Reproduced with permission [106] Copyright © 2004, National Academy of Sciences.|@|~(^,^)~|@|3D composite structures developed by holographic recording. (a)–(c) Macroscopic and microscopic views of volumetrically assembled titanium nanoparticles fabricated by 1D holographic recording-induced counter diffusion. Reproduced with permission [13] Copyright © 2005, WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. (d) and (e) Microscopic views of 3D porous structures (binary volume gratings) developed by 3D holographic recording on polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC) and subsequent selective removal of the counter-diffused LC molecules. Reproduced with permission [21] Copyright © 2002, WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, Fed. Rep. of Germany.

Curr. Opt. Photon. 2023;7:638~654 https://doi.org/10.3807/COPP.2023.7.6.638