Optical layout. (a) Shearing interferometry, and (b) typical interferometry.|@|~(^,^)~|@|Wavefront shearing by three kinds of shearing interferometers.|@|~(^,^)~|@|Rotational gradient maps by azimuthal shearing interferometry.|@|~(^,^)~|@|Radial gradient maps by radial shearing interferometry.|@|~(^,^)~|@|Lateral gradient maps by lateral shearing interferometry.|@|~(^,^)~|@|Optical configuration for azimuthal shearing interferometry: BS, beam splitter; M, mirror.|@|~(^,^)~|@|The optical layout and the interferograms of the simulated solar system with two point sources: DF, neutral density filter; SF, spatial filter; M, mirror; BS, beam splitter; DP, Dove prism; OP, observation plane. The star beam is aligned with the RSI’s optical axis, and the planet beam is inclined with respect to the star beam. Reprinted with permission from [17] Copyright © 2020, The Optical Society.|@|~(^,^)~|@|Flipped/reversal and rotational shearing interferometer with two beam splitters. Reprinted from Opt. Commun. 2004; 233; 245-252, Copyright © 2004, with permission from Elsevier [20].|@|~(^,^)~|@|Optical layout and principle of cyclic radial shearing interferometers. (a) Cyclic radial shearing interferometer with a zoom-lens system, and (b) snapshot cyclic radial shearing interferometer using a polarization camera: PBS, polarizing beam splitter; QWP, 45°-rotated quarter-wave plate; M1, M2, mirrors; L, lens; PCMOS, polarization pixelated complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor camera. The inset is the structure of the PCMOS. Reprinted with permission from [24] Copyright © 2020, The Optical Society.|@|~(^,^)~|@|Principle of dynamic wavefront sensor. (a) Schematic of a radial shearing wavefront sensor using a geometric phase lens (GPL) pair and polarization pixelated complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor camera (PCMOS), and (b) characteristic response of a GPL. Reprinted with permission from [26] Copyright © 2022, The Optical Society.|@|~(^,^)~|@|Schematic of light beams in cyclic lateral shearing interferometry: (a) P-polarized component, (b) s-polarized component. Reprinted with permission from [43] Copyright © 2017, The Optical Society.|@|~(^,^)~|@|Schematic of a quadriwave radial shearing interferometer. Reprinted from T. Ling et al. Sci. Rep. 2017; 7; 9 [51], Copyright © 2017, T. Ling et al.|@|~(^,^)~|@|Spatial carrier-frequency method using a 2D Fourier transformation. Reprinted from T. Ling et al. Sci. Rep. 2017; 7; 9 [51], Copyright © 2017, T. Ling et al.|@|~(^,^)~|@|Categorization of wavefront-reconstruction methods.|@|~(^,^)~|@|Algorithm of zonal methods. (a) Grid-sampling geometry for the zonal wavefront-reconstruction method, and (b) domain-divided. Reprinted from [57] Copyright © 2022, Optical Society of Korea.|@|~(^,^)~|@|Reconstructed off-axis aberrations of wavefront by a radial shearing interferometer. Reprinted with permission from [26], Copyright © 2022, The Optical Society.|@|~(^,^)~|@|Radial shearing ratio variation. (a) The variation of the radial shearing ratio with changing the radius of wavefront curvature, and (b) the peak-to-valley (PV) of a quadratic phase, related to varying radius of curvature. Reprinted with permission from [26], Copyright © 2022, The Optical Society.

Curr. Opt. Photon. 2023;7:325~336 https://doi.org/10.3807/COPP.2023.7.4.325